Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion Awenza Kanjani Umhlaba Wethu?

Ngiye ngahlatshwa umxhwele yilawa ma-powerhouses emishini yethu. Yini ebenza baguquke kangaka? Ake ngihlanganyele engikutholile.

Amabhethri e-lithium-ion akhiqiza ugesi ngokunyakaza kwe-lithium-ion phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode phakathi nemijikelezo yokushaja/yokukhipha. Ukuminyana kwazo okuphezulu nokushajwa kabusha kuzenza zilungele izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo nezimoto zikagesi, ngokungafani nezinye ezilahlwayo.

Kodwa kukhona okwengeziwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukuqonda izinsimbi zabo kuveza ukuthi kungani bebusa ubuchwepheshe besimanje - nokuthi yimiphi imikhawulo okufanele siyilungise.

Asebenza kanjani amabhethri e-lithium-ion empeleni?

Ngangivame ukuzibuza ngomlingo ongaphakathi kwebhethri ye-laptop yami. Iqiniso lithakazelisa nakakhulu kunomlingo.

I-Lithium ions shuttle isuka ku-cathode iye ku-anode ngesikhathi ishaja nge-electrolyte, igcina amandla. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, ama-ion abuyela ku-cathode, ekhulula ama-electron ngokusebenzisa isifunda sangaphandle. Lokhu kusabela kwe-electrochemical okubuyisela emuva kwenza ukusebenziseka kabusha.

Ezingeni lamangqamuzana, i-cathode (ngokuvamile i-lithium metal oxide) ikhipha ama-ion e-lithium lapho ukushaja kuqala. Lawa ma-ion ahamba nge-electrolyte ewuketshezi futhi ashumeke ezendlalelo zegraphite ze-anode ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-intercalation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-electron ageleza kushaja yakho aye ku-anode.

Lapho ikhipha, inqubo iyahlehla: Ama-ion e-lithium aphuma ku-anode, anqamule ulwelwesi lwesihlukanisi, futhi aphinde angene esakhiweni se-cathode. Ama-electron akhishiwe anika amandla idivayisi yakho ngesekhethi. Izindlela ezintsha eziqanjiwe zihlanganisa:

• Ukwenziwa kwe-Electrolyte: Izithasiselo ezintsha zinciphisa ukwakheka kwe-dendrite okubangela amasekhethi amafushane
• Imiklamo yesimo esiqinile: Faka esikhundleni sama-electrolyte awuketshezi ngezikhondatha ze-ceramic/polymer ukuze uvimbele ukuvuza
• Ukuthuthuka kwe-anode: Izinhlanganisela ze-silicon zikhulisa umthamo wokugcina i-lithium ngo-10x uma kuqhathaniswa ne-graphite

Isihlukanisi sidlala indima ebalulekile yokuphepha - ama-pores ayo amancane avumela ukudlula kwe-ion ngenkathi kuvimbela ukuthintana ngokomzimba phakathi kwama-electrode. Amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri ahlala eqapha amandla kagesi nezinga lokushisa ukuze avimbele ukushajwa ngokweqile, okungase kubangele ukubaleka kokushisa.

Yini ehlukanisa izinhlobo zebhethri ze-lithium-ion ezahlukene?

Akuwona wonke amabhethri e-lithium adalwe alinganayo. Ngifunde lokhu lapho ngiqhathanisa amamodeli e-EV ngonyaka odlule.

Izinguquko ezibalulekile zihlanganisa i-cathode chemistry (LCO, NMC, LFP), izilinganiso zokuminyana kwamandla, impilo yomjikelezo, nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Amabhethri e-LFP anikeza ukuphila okude nokuphepha okuphakeme, kuyilapho i-NMC inikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu ebangeni elide.

Ukwakheka kwe-Cathode kuchaza izici zokusebenza:

• I-LCO (I-Lithium Cobalt Oxide): Ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kodwa ukuphila okufushane (imijikelezo engu-500-800). Isetshenziswa kuma-smartphones
• I-NMC (I-Nickel Manganese Cobalt): Amandla alinganiselwe/ukuminyana kwamandla (imijikelezo engu-1,500-2,000). Ibusa ama-EV njengoTesla
• I-LFP (I-Lithium Iron Phosphate): Ukuzinza okungavamile kwe-thermal (imijikelezo engu-3,000+). Kuthathwe yi-BYD kanye ne-Tesla Standard Range
• I-NCA (i-Nickel Cobalt Aluminium): Ubuningi bamandla obungami kodwa ukuzinza okuphansi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile

Ukuqanjwa kwe-anode kubuye kuhlukanise izinhlobo:

• I-graphite: Izinto ezijwayelekile ezinokuzinza okuhle
• I-silicon-composite: umthamo ophezulu wama-25% kodwa izinkinga zokunwetshwa
• I-Lithium-titanate: Ukushaja okushesha kakhulu (10min) kodwa ukuminyana kwamandla okuphansi

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Electrolyte kunomthelela ekusebenzeni kwezinga lokushisa. Ama-electrolyte amasha ane-fluorinated asebenza ku--40°C, kuyilapho izithasiselo ze-ceramic zinika amandla ukushaja okusheshayo okukhulu. Izindleko ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi - amaseli e-LFP ashibhe ngo-30% kune-NMC kodwa asindayo.

Kungani amabhethri e-lithium-ion ebusa ezimotweni zikagesi?

Lapho ama-EV ashayelayo ukuhlola, ngabona ukuthi amabhethri awo awazona nje izingxenye - ayisisekelo.

I-Lithium-ion ibusa ama-EV ngenxa yezilinganiso ezingenakuqhathaniswa zamandla nesisindo (200+ Wh/kg), amandla okushaja okusheshayo, kanye nezindleko ezinciphayo (ukwehliswa okungu-89% kusukela ngo-2010). Bahlinzeka ngobubanzi bamamayela angu-300+ obungenakwenzeka ngezinye izindlela ze-lead-acid noma ze-nickel-metal hydride.

Izinzuzo ezintathu zobuchwepheshe ziqinisa ukubusa kwazo:

1. Ukuphakama kokuminyana kwamandla: Uphethiloli uqukethe u-12,000 Wh/kg, kodwa izinjini ze-ICE zisebenza kahle ngo-30%. Amabhethri esimanje e-NMC aletha amandla asebenzisekayo angu-4-5x ngaphezulu ngekhilogremu kunezinye izindlela ezisuselwe ku-nickel, avumela ububanzi obusebenzayo.
2. Ukushaja ngendlela efanele: I-Lithium-ion yamukela ukushaja okusheshayo okungu-350kW+ (ingeza amamayela angu-200 ngemizuzu engu-15) ngenxa yokumelana okuphansi kwangaphakathi. Amaseli kaphethiloli we-Hydrogen adinga ukufakwa kabusha kuka-3x okude ebangeni elilinganayo.
3. I-Regenerative braking synergy: Ikhemikhali ye-lithium ithatha ngokuhlukile u-90% wamandla okubhuleka uma iqhathaniswa no-45% we-lead-acid. Lokhu kunweba ibanga ngo-15-20% ekushayeleni kwedolobha.

Ukukhiqiza izinto eziqanjiwe njengobuchwepheshe be-CATL bokupakisha iseli kuqeda izingxenye ze-modular, kukhuphule ukuminyana kwephakethe kube ngu-200Wh/kg kuyilapho kunciphisa izindleko zibe ngu-$97/kWh (2023). Izibonelo zesimo esiqinile zithembisa u-500Wh/kg ngo-2030.

Yiziphi izingqinamba ezibalulekile zokuphepha kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion?

Ukubona ukusha kwebhethri le-EV ezindabeni kungenze ngaphenya ubungozi bangempela uma ngiqhathaniswa ne-hype.

I-Thermal Runaway - ukushisa ngokweqile okungalawulwa okubangelwa amasekhethi amafushane noma umonakalo - kuyingozi enkulu. Izivikelo zesimanje zifaka izihlukanisi ezimbozwe nge-ceramic, ama-electrolyte abubula ilangabi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha amabhethri ezendlalelo eziningi eziqapha iseli ngalinye 100x/sekhondi.

Ukushisa okushisayo kuqala lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-150 ° C, okubangela ukusabela kokubola:

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesendlalelo se-SEI (80-120°C)
2. Ukusabela kwe-Electrolyte nge-anode (120-150°C)
3. Ukubola kwe-cathode kukhipha umoya-mpilo (180-250°C)
4. Ukushiswa kwe-Electrolyte (200°C+)

Abakhiqizi basebenzisa izendlalelo ezinhlanu zokuvikela:

• Idizayini yokuvimbela: Izithasiselo ezicindezela i-dendrite kuma-electrolyte
• Amasistimu wokuqukethwe”: Amashaneli apholile phakathi kwamaseli nama-firewall
• Ukuqapha: Izinzwa zamandla kagesi/izinga lokushisa kuwo wonke amaseli
• Izilawuli zesofthiwe”: Ukuhlukanisa amaseli alimele phakathi kwama-millisecond
• Ukuvikelwa kwesakhiwo”: Amakheji ebhethri abamba ukuphahlazeka

Ikhemistri ye-iron phosphate (LFP) imelana no-300°C ngaphambi kokubola uma iqhathaniswa no-150°C ku-NMC. Amabhethri amasha e-sodium-ion aqeda izingozi zomlilo ngokuphelele kodwa anikeza ukuminyana okuphansi. Sebenzisa njalo amashaja aqinisekisiwe ngumkhiqizi - ukwehluleka okungu-78% kuhilela okokusebenza kwe-aftermarket.

Isiphetho

Ubuchwepheshe be-lithium-ion bulinganisa ukuminyana kwamandla, izindleko nokuphepha - kodwa buyaqhubeka bushintsha. Amabhethri wesimo esiqinile wakusasa angase axazulule ukulinganiselwa kwanamuhla kuyilapho enika amandla ikusasa lethu elizinzile.