Iibhetri zeLithium-ion ziwenza njani amandla kwihlabathi lethu?

Ndiye ndachukunyiswa zezi zindlu zamandla kwizixhobo zethu. Yintoni ebenza babe nenguqu? Mandabelane ngento endiyifumeneyo.

Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zivelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa ukunyakaza kwe-lithium-ion phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode ngexesha lokujikeleza / ukukhupha. Ukuxinana kwamandla abo aphezulu kunye nokutshajwa kwakhona kubenza balungele izinto zombane eziphathwayo kunye nezithuthi zombane, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindlela ezilahlwayo.

Kodwa kukho okungakumbi ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ukuqonda oomatshini babo kutyhila ukuba kutheni belawula ubuchwephesha bale mihla-kwaye yeyiphi imida ekufuneka siyilungise.

Zisebenza njani iibhetri ze-lithium-ion?

Bendihlala ndizibuza malunga nomlingo ongaphakathi kwebhetri yelaptop yam. Inyaniso ibangela umdla ngakumbi kunomlingo.

I-Lithium ion shuttle ukusuka kwi-cathode ukuya kwi-anode ngexesha lokutshaja nge-electrolyte, ukugcina amandla. Ngexesha lokukhutshwa, i-ion ibuyela kwi-cathode, ikhupha ii-electron ngokusebenzisa isiphaluka sangaphandle. Le mpendulo ye-electrochemical ibuyiselwa umva yenza ukuba isetyenziswe kwakhona.

Kwinqanaba le-molecular, i-cathode (ngokuqhelekileyo i-lithium metal oxide) ikhupha i-lithium ion xa ishaja iqala. Ezi ion zihamba ngolwelo lwe-electrolyte kwaye zibethelele kumaleko egraphite ye-anode kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-intercalation. Ngaxeshanye, ii-electron zihamba ngetshaja yakho ukuya kwi-anode.

Xa ukhulula, inkqubo ibuyisela umva: I-Lithium ion iphuma kwi-anode, inqumla i-membrane yokwahlula, kwaye iphinde ingene kwisakhiwo se-cathode. Ii-electron ezikhutshiweyo zinika amandla isixhobo sakho ngesekethe. Iinguqulelo eziphambili ziquka:

• Ukulungiswa kwe-Electrolyte: Izongezo ezitsha zinciphisa ukubunjwa kwe-dendrite ebangela imijikelezo emfutshane
• Uyilo lwemeko eqinileyo: Faka endaweni ye-electrolyte engamanzi nge-ceramic/polymer conductors ukunqanda ukuvuza
• Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-anode: I-silicon composites yonyusa umthamo wokugcina i-lithium nge-10x ngokuchasene negraphite

Isahluli sidlala indima ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko - iipores zayo ezincinci zivumela i-ion passage ngelixa ithintela ukudibanisa ngokomzimba phakathi kwe-electrodes. Iisistim zolawulo lwebhetri zihlala zijonga amandla ombane kunye nobushushu ukunqanda ukutshaja okungaphaya, okunokubangela ukubaleka kwe-thermal.

Yintoni eyahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhetri ye-lithium-ion?

Ayizizo zonke iibhetri ze-lithium ezenziwe ngokulinganayo. Ndifunde oku xa ndithelekisa iimodeli ze-EV kunyaka ophelileyo.

Iinguqu eziphambili ziquka i-cathode chemistry (i-LCO, i-NMC, i-LFP), ukulinganiswa kwamandla obuninzi, ubomi bomjikelezo, kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Iibhetri ze-LFP zinika ubomi obude kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu, ngelixa i-NMC ibonelela ngamandla oxinaniso lwamandla kuluhlu olude.

Ukuqulunqwa kweCathode kuchaza iimpawu zokusebenza:

• I-LCO (i-Lithium Cobalt Oxide): Ubuninzi bamandla aphezulu kodwa ubomi obufutshane (imijikelezo ye-500-800). Isetyenziswa kwii-smartphones
• I-NMC (i-Nickel Manganese Cobalt): Amandla alungeleleneyo / ukuxinana kwamandla (1,500-2,000 imijikelo). Ulawula ii-EV njengoTesla
• I-LFP (i-Lithium Iron Phosphate): Uzinzo olukhethekileyo lwe-thermal (imijikelo ye-3,000+). Yamkelwa yi-BYD kunye neTesla Standard Range
• I-NCA (i-Nickel Cobalt Aluminium): Ubuninzi bamandla obuninzi kodwa ukuzinza okuphantsi. Izicelo ezizodwa

Iinguqulelo ze-Anode zahlula ngakumbi iintlobo:

• Igraphite: Izinto ezisemgangathweni ezinozinzo oluhle
• I-silicon-composite: i-25% ephezulu umthamo kodwa imiba yokwandisa
• I-Lithium-titanate: Ukutshaja okukhawulezileyo (10min) kodwa ukuxinwa kwamandla asezantsi

Ukwenziwa kwe-Electrolyte kuchaphazela ukusebenza kobushushu. I-electrolyte entsha enefluorinated isebenza kwi-40°C, ngelixa izongezo ze-ceramic zivumela ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Iindleko zohluka kakhulu nazo – iiseli ze-LFP zitshiphu ngama-30% kune-NMC kodwa zinzima.

Kutheni iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zilawula kwiimoto zombane?

Xa kuvavanywa ii-EVs zokuqhuba, ndiye ndaqonda ukuba iibhetri zazo aziyonxalenye nje - zisisiseko.

I-Lithium-ion ilawula ii-EVs ngenxa yokungahambelani kwamandla-to-weight ratios (200+ Wh / kg), amandla okuhlawula ngokukhawuleza, kunye neendleko ezihlayo (ukunciphisa i-89% ukususela ngo-2010). Babonelela ngeemitha ezingama-300+ zeemayile ezingenakwenzeka kunye ne-lead-acid okanye i-nickel-metal hydride enye indlela.

Iinzuzo ezintathu zobugcisa ziqinisa ukongamela kwazo:

1. Ubuninzi bobuninzi bamandla: Ipetroli iqulethe i-12,000 Wh/kg, kodwa iinjini ze-ICE zisebenza kakuhle ngama-30%. Iibhetri zale mihla ze-NMC zinikezela nge-4-5x yamandla asebenzisekayo ngaphezulu ngekhilogram kuneendlela ezizezinye ezisekwe kwi-nickel, ezivumela uluhlu olusebenzayo.
2. Ukutshaja ngokufanelekileyo: I-Lithium-ion yamkela i-350kW + ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza (ukongeza iikhilomitha ezingama-200 kwimizuzu eyi-15) ngenxa yokumelana okuphantsi kwangaphakathi. Iiseli zamafutha e-Hydrogen zifuna i-3x ixesha elide lokufakwa kwe-refueling kuluhlu olulinganayo.
3. I-regenerative braking synergy: Ikhemistri ye-lithium iphinda ibambe kwakhona i-90% yamandla okuqhobosha xa ithelekiswa ne-45% ye-lead-asidi. Oku kwandisa uluhlu nge-15-20% ekuqhubeni kwedolophu.

Ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-CATL ye-cell-to-pack technology kuphelisa amacandelo emodyuli, ukwandisa ukuxinana kwepakethi ukuya kwi-200Wh / kg ngelixa unciphisa iindleko ukuya kwi-$ 97 / kWh (2023). Iiprototypes zombuso oqinileyo zithembisa i-500Wh/kg ngo-2030.

Ziziphi iinkxalabo ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko lwebhetri ye-lithium-ion?

Ukubona imililo yebhetri ye-EV kwiindaba kundenze ndaphanda ngomngcipheko wokwenyani ngokuchasene ne-hype.

I-Thermal runaway - ukugqithiswa okungalawulwayo okubangelwa yimijikelezo emfutshane okanye umonakalo - yingozi enkulu. Ukhuseleko lwangoku lubandakanya izahluli ezigqunywe ngeceramic, ii-electrolyte ezibuyiswa lidangatye, kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zolawulo lwebhetri ezibeka iliso kwiseli nganye eyi-100x/yesibini.

I-Thermal Runay iqala xa amaqondo obushushu edlula i-150 ° C, oko kubangela ukusabela kokubola:

1. SEI ukwaphuka umaleko (80-120°C)
2. Electrolyte reaction with anode (120-150°C)
3. Ukubola kweCathode kukhupha ioksijini (180-250°C)
4. Ukutsha kwe-Electrolyte (200°C+)

Abavelisi baphumeza iileya zokhuseleko ezintlanu:

• Uyilo lokuthintela: I-dendrite-izongezo ezicinezelayo kwi-electrolytes
• Iinkqubo zogcino”: Iitshaneli zokupholisa phakathi kweeseli kunye neendonga zomlilo
• Ukubeka iliso: Izixhobo zombane/iqondo lobushushu kwiseli nganye
• Izilawuli zeSoftware”: Ukwahlula iiseli ezonakeleyo phakathi kweemilliseconds
• Ukhuseleko lolwakhiwo”: Iikheji zebhetri ezifunxa ukonakala

I-Iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry imelana ne-300°C phambi kokuba ibole xa ithelekiswa ne-150°C ye-NMC. Iibhetri ezintsha zesodium-ion zisusa imingcipheko yomlilo ngokupheleleyo kodwa zinika uxinano oluphantsi. Hlala usebenzisa iitshaja eziqinisekisiweyo zomenzi-i-78% yokusilela kubandakanya izixhobo ze-aftermarket.

Ukuqukumbela

Itekhnoloji yeLithium-ion ilinganisa ukuxinana kwamandla, iindleko kunye nokhuseleko - kodwa iyaqhubeka nokuvela. Iibhetri zangomso eziqinileyo zinokusombulula imida yanamhlanje ngelixa zinika amandla ikamva lethu elizinzileyo.