Nigute Bateri ya Litiyumu-ion ikoresha isi yacu?

Nashimishijwe nimbaraga zingufu mubikoresho byacu. Niki kibatera impinduramatwara? Reka dusangire ibyo navumbuye.

Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion itanga amashanyarazi binyuze muri lithium-ion igenda hagati ya anode na cathode mugihe cyo kwishyuza / gusohora. Ingufu zabo nyinshi hamwe no kwishyurwa bituma ziba nziza kubintu bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa hamwe n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, bitandukanye nubundi buryo bwakoreshwa.

Ariko hariho byinshi munsi yubutaka. Gusobanukirwa nubukanishi bwabo byerekana impamvu biganje mubuhanga bugezweho - nimbogamizi tugomba gukemura.

Nigute bateri ya lithium-ion ikora?

Nakundaga kwibaza kubijyanye n'ubumaji buri muri bateri yanjye ya mudasobwa igendanwa. Ukuri kurashimishije kuruta amarozi.

Liyiyumu ion iva muri cathode ikagera kuri anode mugihe cyo kwishyuza binyuze muri electrolyte, ibika ingufu. Mugihe cyo gusohora, ion zisubira muri cathode, zirekura electron zinyuze mumuzunguruko wo hanze. Iyi reaction ya electrochemical reaction ituma byongera gukoreshwa.

Kurwego rwa molekile, cathode (mubisanzwe lithium metal oxyde) irekura ioni ya lithium mugihe kwishyurwa bitangiye. Izi ion zinyura mumazi ya electrolyte hanyuma igashyirwa mubice bya anode ya grade murwego rwitwa intercalation. Icyarimwe, electron zinyura mumashanyarazi yawe muri anode.

Mugihe cyo gusohora, inzira irahindukira: Liyiyumu ion isohoka muri anode, ikanyura mugice gitandukanya, hanyuma ikongera ikinjira mumiterere ya cathode. Electron yasohotse iha imbaraga igikoresho cyawe ukoresheje umuzenguruko. Udushya twibanze harimo:

• Gukoresha electrolyte: Inyongera nshya zigabanya dendrite itera imiyoboro migufi
• Ibishushanyo mbonera bya leta: Simbuza electrolytite y'amazi hamwe na ceramic / polymer ikora kugirango wirinde kumeneka
• Iterambere rya Anode: Ibikoresho bya Silicon byongera ubushobozi bwo kubika lithium kuri 10x na grafite

Gutandukanya bigira uruhare runini rwumutekano - imyenge ya microscopique yemerera ion kunyura mugihe ihagarika imikoranire yumubiri hagati ya electrode. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ihora ikurikirana voltage nubushyuhe kugirango wirinde kwishyurwa birenze, bishobora gutera ubushyuhe bwumuriro.

Niki gitandukanya ubwoko bwa batiri ya lithium-ion?

Batteri zose za lithium ntabwo zakozwe zingana. Ibi nabyize mugereranije moderi ya EV umwaka ushize.

Itandukaniro ryingenzi ririmo chimie ya cathode (LCO, NMC, LFP), igipimo cyingufu zingufu, ubuzima bwikiziga, hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro. Batteri ya LFP itanga igihe kirekire n'umutekano uruta iyindi, mugihe NMC itanga ingufu nyinshi murwego rurerure.

Ibigize Cathode bisobanura ibiranga imikorere:

• LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide): Ingufu nyinshi ariko igihe gito (500-800 cycle). Ikoreshwa muri terefone zigendanwa
• NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt): Ingufu zingana / ubwinshi bwimbaraga (1.500-2,000 cycle). Yiganje kuri EV nka Tesla
• LFP (Lithium Iron Fosifate): Ubushyuhe budasanzwe budasanzwe (3000+ cycle). Yemejwe na BYD na Tesla Urwego rusanzwe
• NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminium): Ubucucike ntarengwa ariko butajegajega. Porogaramu yihariye

Udushya twa Anode turushijeho gutandukanya ubwoko:

• Igishushanyo: Ibikoresho bisanzwe bifite ituze ryiza
• Silicon-igizwe: ubushobozi bwa 25% ariko ibibazo byo kwaguka
• Litiyumu-titanate: Ultra-yihuta yishyuza (10min) ariko imbaraga nke

Imikorere ya electrolyte igira ingaruka kumikorere yubushyuhe. Electrolytes nshya ya fluor ikora kuri -40 ° C, mugihe inyongeramusaruro zubutaka zituma umuriro wihuta cyane. Ibiciro biratandukanye cyane - LFP selile ihendutse 30% ugereranije na NMC ariko iremereye.

Kuki bateri ya lithium-ion yiganje mumodoka y'amashanyarazi?

Iyo EV-itwara ibizamini, nasanze bateri zabo atari ibice gusa - ni ishingiro.

Litiyumu-ion yiganje kuri EV kubera ingufu zidasanzwe zingana n’ibipimo (200+ Wh / kg), ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza byihuse, no kugabanuka kw'ibiciro (kugabanuka 89% kuva 2010). Batanga ibirometero 300+ bidashoboka hamwe na aside-aside cyangwa nikel-icyuma cya hydride.

Ibyiza bitatu bya tekinike bishimangira ubwiganze bwabo:

1. Ubucucike bw'ingufu: Benzine irimo 12,000 Wh / kg, ariko moteri ya ICE ikora 30% gusa. Bateri zigezweho za NMC zitanga ingufu zikoreshwa 4-5x kuri kg kurenza ubundi buryo bushingiye kuri nikel, butuma urwego rufatika.
2. Gukoresha neza: Litiyumu-ion yemera kwishyurwa 350kW + byihuse (wongeyeho ibirometero 200 muminota 15) kubera guhangana imbere imbere. Ingirabuzimafatizo ya hydrogène isaba lisansi 3x ndende kugirango ingana.
3. Gukora feri yoguhindura imbaraga: Chimie ya Litiyumu yongeye gufata 90% yingufu za feri na 45% kuri aside-aside. Ibi byiyongera kuri 15-20% mugutwara umujyi.

Gukora udushya nka tekinoroji ya CATL ya selile ikuraho ibice bigize modular, kongera ubwinshi bwibipaki kuri 200Wh / kg mugihe ugabanya ibiciro kuri $ 97 / kWt (2023). Porotipi ikomeye-isezeranya 500Wh / kg muri 2030.

Ni izihe mpungenge zikomeye za lithium-ion?

Kubona EV bateri yaka kumakuru byatumye nkora iperereza kuri risque nukuri.

Guhunga ubushyuhe - ubushyuhe butagenzuwe buterwa numuyoboro mugufi cyangwa kwangirika - nikibazo cyambere. Uburyo bugezweho burimo gutandukanya ceramic-ceramic itandukanya, electrolytite ya flame-retardant, hamwe na sisitemu yo gucunga bateri nyinshi igenzura buri selile 100x / isegonda.

Guhunga ubushyuhe bitangira iyo ubushyuhe burenze 150 ° C, bigatuma habaho kubora:

1. Gusenyuka kwa SEI (80-120 ° C)
2. Imyitwarire ya electrolyte hamwe na anode (120-150 ° C)
3. Kwangirika kwa Cathode kurekura ogisijeni (180-250 ° C)
4. Gutwika amashanyarazi (200 ° C +)

Ababikora bashira mubikorwa bitanu byo kurinda:

• Igishushanyo cyo gukumira: Dendrite-ikuraho inyongera muri electrolytike
• Sisitemu yo kubamo ”: Imiyoboro ikonje hagati ya selile na firewall
• Gukurikirana: Umuyoboro wa voltage / ubushyuhe kuri buri selile
• Igenzura rya software ": Gutandukanya selile zangiritse muri milisegonda
• Kurinda ibyubatswe ": Ikariso ikurura impanuka

Chimie ya fosifate (LFP) irwanya 300 ° C mbere yo kubora na 150 ° C kuri NMC. Batteri nshya ya sodium-ion ikuraho ingaruka zose zumuriro ariko itanga ubucucike buke. Buri gihe ukoreshe ibicuruzwa byemewe-byemewe - 78% byananiranye birimo ibikoresho byanyuma.

Umwanzuro

Ikoranabuhanga rya Litiyumu-ion iringaniza ubwinshi bwingufu, ikiguzi numutekano - ariko ikomeza gutera imbere. Ejo hazaza bateri-ikomeye irashobora gukemura aho igarukira mugihe itanga ejo hazaza harambye.