Kodi Mabatire a Lithium-ion Amathandizira Bwanji Dziko Lathu?

Ndachita chidwi ndi zida zamagetsi izi pazida zathu. Nchiyani chimawapangitsa kukhala osintha kwambiri? Ndiroleni ndigawane zomwe ndapeza.

Mabatire a lithiamu-ion amapanga magetsi kudzera mukuyenda kwa lithiamu-ion pakati pa anode ndi cathode panthawi yamagetsi / kutulutsa. Kuchulukana kwawo kwamphamvu komanso kuwirikizanso kumawapangitsa kukhala abwino pamagetsi osunthika ndi magalimoto amagetsi, mosiyana ndi njira zina zotayira.

Koma pali zambiri pansi pano. Kumvetsetsa zimango awo kumawulula chifukwa chomwe amalamulira ukadaulo wamakono - komanso zolepheretsa zomwe tiyenera kuthana nazo.

Kodi mabatire a lithiamu-ion amagwira ntchito bwanji?

Ndinkakonda kudabwa zamatsenga mkati mwa batire yanga ya laputopu. Zoona zake n'zochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa matsenga.

Lithium ions shuttle kuchokera ku cathode kupita ku anode panthawi yolipiritsa kudzera mu electrolyte, kusunga mphamvu. Pakutha, ma ion amabwerera ku cathode, kutulutsa ma elekitironi kudzera mudera lakunja. Izi zosinthika zama elekitiromu zimatheketsa kuyambiranso.

Pa mlingo wa molekyulu, cathode (makamaka lithiamu metal oxide) imatulutsa lithiamu ion pamene kulipiritsa kumayamba. Ma ion awa amadutsa mu electrolyte yamadzimadzi ndikulowa mu zigawo za anode za graphite munjira yotchedwa intercalation. Nthawi yomweyo, ma electron amayenda kudzera mu charger yanu kulowa mu anode.

Ikatulutsa, njirayo imabwereranso: Ma ion a lithiamu amatuluka mu anode, kudutsa nembanemba yolekanitsa, ndikulowanso m'kati mwa cathode. Ma elekitironi otulutsidwa amayendetsa chipangizo chanu kudzera mudera. Zosintha zazikulu zikuphatikiza:

• Kukhathamiritsa kwa Electrolyte: Zowonjezera zatsopano zimachepetsa mapangidwe a dendrite omwe amayambitsa mabwalo amfupi
• Mapangidwe olimba: Sinthani ma elekitirodi amadzimadzi ndi ma kondakitala a ceramic/polymer kuti asatayike
• Kupititsa patsogolo kwa anode: Ma silicon composites amawonjezera mphamvu yosungirako lithiamu ndi 10x motsutsana ndi graphite

Wolekanitsa amatenga gawo lalikulu lachitetezo - ma pores ake ang'onoang'ono amalola njira ya ion ndikutsekereza kukhudzana pakati pa ma electrode. Makina oyang'anira mabatire nthawi zonse amayang'anira mphamvu yamagetsi ndi kutentha kuti apewe kuchulukirachulukira, komwe kungayambitse kutha kwa kutentha.

Ndi chiyani chomwe chimasiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya batri ya lithiamu-ion?

Osati mabatire onse a lithiamu amapangidwa mofanana. Ndinaphunzira izi poyerekeza zitsanzo za EV chaka chatha.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumaphatikizapo chemistry ya cathode (LCO, NMC, LFP), kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, moyo wozungulira, komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta. Mabatire a LFP amapereka moyo wautali komanso chitetezo chapamwamba, pomwe NMC imapereka mphamvu zambiri zotalikirapo.

Cathode imatanthawuza mawonekedwe a magwiridwe antchito:

• LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide): Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu koma moyo wamfupi (500-800 cycles). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafoni a m'manja
• NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt): Mphamvu yokhazikika / kachulukidwe kamphamvu (1,500-2,000 cycles). Imalamulira ma EV ngati Tesla
• LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate): Kukhazikika kwapadera kwamafuta (3,000+ cycle). Adatengedwa ndi BYD ndi Tesla Standard Range
• NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminium): Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu koma kutsika kokhazikika. Ntchito zapadera

Zatsopano za anode zimasiyanitsa mitundu:

• Graphite: Zinthu zokhazikika zokhazikika bwino
• Silicon-composite: 25% mphamvu zapamwamba koma zovuta zowonjezera
• Lithium-titanate: Kuthamangitsa mwachangu kwambiri (10min) koma kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu

Mapangidwe a electrolyte amakhudza kutentha kwa kutentha. Ma electrolyte atsopano opangidwa ndi fluorinated amagwira ntchito pa -40 ° C, pomwe zowonjezera za ceramic zimathandizira kulipira mwachangu kwambiri. Mtengo umasiyananso kwambiri - Ma cell a LFP ndi otsika mtengo 30% kuposa NMC koma olemera.

Chifukwa chiyani mabatire a lithiamu-ion ali olamulira pamagalimoto amagetsi?

Nditayesa ma EV oyendetsa, ndinazindikira kuti mabatire awo sizinthu zokha - ndi maziko.

Lithium-ion imayang'anira ma EV chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kulemera kosayerekezeka (200+ Wh/kg), kutha kulipira mwachangu, komanso kutsika kwamitengo (kutsika kwa 89% kuyambira 2010). Amapereka ma 300+ mailosi osatheka ndi lead-acid kapena nickel-metal hydride njira zina.

Ubwino atatu waukadaulo umalimbitsa mphamvu zawo:

1. Kukula kwamphamvu kwamphamvu: Mafuta amafuta ali ndi 12,000 Wh/kg, koma ma injini a ICE amangogwira ntchito 30%. Mabatire amakono a NMC amapereka mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito 4-5x zambiri pa kilogalamu imodzi kuposa njira zina zopangira faifi tambala, zomwe zimathandizira magawo othandiza.
2. Kuthamanga kwachangu: Lithium-ion imalandira 350kW+ kuthamanga mwachangu (kuwonjezera mamailo 200 mumphindi 15) chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mkati. Ma cell amafuta a haidrojeni amafunikira 3x nthawi yayitali yowonjezera mafuta pamitundu yofanana.
3. Regenerative braking synergy: Lithium chemistry imagwiranso mwapadera 90% ya braking energy motsutsana ndi 45% ya lead-acid. Izi zimafalikira ndi 15-20% pakuyendetsa mumzinda.

Kupanga zinthu zatsopano monga ukadaulo wa CATL wa cell-to-pack kumachotsa zigawo zofananira, kukulitsa kachulukidwe ka paketi kufika pa 200Wh/kg pomwe kumachepetsa mtengo mpaka $97/kWh (2023). Ma prototypes olimba amalonjeza 500Wh/kg pofika 2030.

Kodi zovuta zachitetezo cha batri ya lithiamu-ion ndi ziti?

Kuwona batire la EV likuyaka pa nkhani kunandipangitsa kuti ndifufuze zoopsa zenizeni motsutsana ndi hype.

Kuthamanga kwamafuta - kutenthedwa kosalamulirika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mabwalo amfupi kapena kuwonongeka - ndiye ngozi yayikulu. Zodzitetezera zamakono zimaphatikizapo zolekanitsa zokutira za ceramic, ma electrolyte osanjikiza moto, ndi makina owongolera ma batire amitundu yambiri omwe amawunikira selo lililonse 100x/sekondi.

Kuthamanga kwa kutentha kumayamba pamene kutentha kumapitirira 150 ° C, kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa:

1. Kuwonongeka kwa magawo a SEI (80-120 ° C)
2. Electrolyte reaction ndi anode (120-150 ° C)
3. Kuwola kwa cathode kutulutsa mpweya (180-250 ° C)
4. Kuyaka kwa Electrolyte (200°C+)

Opanga amapanga magawo asanu achitetezo:

• Mapangidwe oletsa: Zowonjezera za dendrite mu ma electrolyte
• Makina osungira": Njira zoziziritsira pakati pa ma cell ndi ma firewall
• Kuyang'anira: Masensa amagetsi / kutentha pa cell iliyonse
• Kuwongolera kwa mapulogalamu": Kupatula ma cell owonongeka mkati mwa ma milliseconds
• Kuteteza Mwachimake”: Mabatire owononga mabatire

Chemistry ya iron phosphate (LFP) imapirira 300°C isanawole motsutsana ndi 150°C ya NMC. Mabatire atsopano a sodium-ion amachotsa kuopsa kwa moto kwathunthu koma amapereka kachulukidwe kakang'ono. Nthawi zonse gwiritsani ntchito ma charger ovomerezeka opanga - 78% ya zolephera zimaphatikizapo zida zotsatsa.

Mapeto

Ukadaulo wa Lithium-ion umayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, mtengo ndi chitetezo - koma zikupitilizabe kusintha. Mawa mabatire a solid-state atha kuthetsa zofooka zamasiku ano kwinaku akuwongolera tsogolo lathu lokhazikika.