Kedu ka batrị Lithium-ion si eme n'ụwa anyị?

Ụlọ ọrụ ike ndị a na ngwaọrụ anyị masịrị m. Gịnị na-eme ka ha na-eme mgbanwe? Ka m kesaa ihe m chọpụtara.

Batrị lithium-ion na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site na mmegharị lithium-ion n'etiti anode na cathode n'oge oge ụgwọ/nhapu. Njupụta ume ha dị elu na nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-eme ka ha dị mma maka ngwa eletrọnịkị na ụgbọ ala eletrik, n'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ a pụrụ ịtụfu ya.

Ma e nwere ihe ndị ọzọ n'okpuru elu. Ịghọta usoro ọrụ ha na-ekpughe ihe kpatara ha ji chịkwaa teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ - yana oke oke anyị ga-edozi.

Kedu ka batrị lithium-ion si arụ ọrụ n'ezie?

M na-echebu maka anwansi dị n'ime batrị laptọọpụ m. Nke bụ eziokwu na-adọrọ nnọọ mmasị karịa anwansi.

Lithium ions na-ebugharị site na cathode ruo anode n'oge ị na-ebufe site na electrolyte, na-echekwa ike. N'oge a na-apụ apụ, ions na-alaghachi na cathode, na-ahapụ electrons site na sekit mpụga. Mmeghachi omume electrochemical a na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enyere aka ịmaliteghachi ya.

N'ọkwa molekụla, cathode (nke na-abụkarị lithium metal oxide) na-ahapụ ion lithium mgbe chaja malitere. Ion ndị a na-aga site na mmiri mmiri electrolyte wee tinye n'ime oghere graphite nke anode na usoro a na-akpọ intercalation. N'otu oge ahụ, electrons na-esi na chaja gị banye n'ime anode.

Mgbe ị na-ebugharị, usoro a na-atụgharị: ion lithium na-apụ na anode, gafere akpụkpọ ahụ nkewa, wee banyeghachi na nhazi cathode. Eletrọn ndị a tọhapụrụ na-enye ike ngwaọrụ gị site na sekit. Ihe ohuru ohuru gunyere:

• Njicha elektrọnịt: Ihe mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na-ebelata nguzobe dendrite nke na-akpata obere sekit
• Atụmatụ steeti siri ike: Dochie electrolytes mmiri mmiri na seramiiki/polymer eduzi iji gbochie ntapu.
• Ọganihu anode: Ngwakọta silicon na-abawanye ikike nchekwa lithium site na 10x megide graphite

Onye nkewa na-arụ ọrụ nchekwa dị oke egwu - pores microscopic ya na-ekwe ka ion gafere mgbe ọ na-egbochi kọntaktị anụ ahụ n'etiti electrodes. Sistemụ njikwa batrị na-enyocha voltaji na okpomọkụ mgbe niile iji gbochie ịchaji karịa, nke nwere ike ịkpalite ịgbapụ okpomọkụ.

Kedu ihe na-ekewa ụdị batrị lithium-ion dị iche iche?

Ọ bụghị batrị lithium niile ka emepụtara nhata. Amụtara m nke a mgbe m na-atụnyere ụdị EV n'afọ gara aga.

Ọdịiche dị mkpa gụnyere kemịkalụ cathode (LCO, NMC, LFP), ogo njupụta ike, ndụ okirikiri, na nkwụsi ike ọkụ. Batrị LFP na-enye ogologo ndụ ogologo yana nchekwa dị elu, ebe NMC na-enye ike dị elu maka ogologo ogologo.

Ngwakọta Cathode na-akọwapụta njirimara arụmọrụ:

• LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide): Ike dị elu mana ogologo ndụ dị mkpụmkpụ (usoro okirikiri 500-800). Eji na smartphones
• NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt): Ike zuru oke / ike ike (1,500-2,000 cycles). Na-achị EVs dị ka Tesla
• LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate): Nkwụsi ike na-ekpo ọkụ pụrụ iche (usoro okirikiri 3,000+). BYD na Tesla Standard Range nabatara ya
• NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminom): Ike njupụta kachasị mana nkwụsi ike dị ala. Ngwa ọpụrụiche

Ihe ọhụrụ Anode na-ekewakwa ụdị ndị ọzọ:

• Graphite: Ihe ọkọlọtọ nwere ezigbo nkwụsi ike
• Silicon-composite: 25% ikike dị elu mana okwu mgbasawanye
• Lithium-titanate: Nchaji ngwa ngwa (minti 10) mana njupụta ume dị ala

Usoro electrolyte na-emetụta arụmọrụ okpomọkụ. Electrolytes fluorinated ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ na -40 Celsius, ebe mgbakwunye seramiiki na-eme ka ịchaji ngwa ngwa. Ọnụ ahịa dịgasị iche iche - sel LFP dị 30% dị ọnụ ala karịa NMC mana ọ dị arọ.

Kedu ihe kpatara batrị lithium-ion ji na-achị na ụgbọ ala eletrik?

Mgbe EVs na-anya ụgbọ ala, achọpụtara m na batrị ha abụghị naanị ihe - ha bụ ntọala.

Lithium-ion na-achịkwa EVs n'ihi oke ike-na-arọ na-enweghị atụ (200+ Wh/kg), ike ịchaji ngwa ngwa, yana ọnụ ahịa mbelata (89% mbelata kemgbe 2010). Ha na-enye oke 300+ mile agaghị ekwe omume site na iji lead-acid ma ọ bụ nickel-metal hydride ọzọ.

Uru teknụzụ atọ na-eme ka ikike ha sie ike:

1. Ike njupụta ike: mmanụ ụgbọala nwere 12,000 Wh/kg, mana igwe ICE na-arụ ọrụ naanị 30%. Batrị NMC ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ebunye 4-5x ike a na-eji eme ihe kwa n'arọ karịa ihe ndị ọzọ dabere na nickel, na-enye ohere dị irè.
2. Ịrụ ụgwọ ọrụ: Lithium-ion na-anabata 350kW + ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa (na-agbakwụnye 200 kilomita na nkeji 15) n'ihi nkwụsị nke dị ala. Selụ mmanụ ọkụ hydrogen chọrọ mmịnye mmanụ ogologo 3x maka oke nha.
3. Mmekọrịta breeki na-emegharị emegharị: kemịkalụ lithium na-eweghachite 90% nke ike breeki karịa 45% maka lead-acid. Nke a gbatịrị oke site na 15-20% na ịnya ụgbọ ala obodo.

Imepụta ihe ọhụrụ dị ka teknụzụ cell-to-pack nke CATL na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-abawanye njupụta ngwungwu ruo 200Wh/kg na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa na $97/kWh (2023). Prototypes steeti siri ike na-ekwe nkwa 500Wh/kg site na 2030.

Kedu ihe nchekwa batrị lithium-ion dị oke egwu?

Ịhụ ọkụ batrị EV na akụkọ mere ka m nyochaa ezigbo ihe egwu na hype.

Mgbapụ okpomọkụ - ekpo oke ọkụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa nke sekit dị mkpirikpi ma ọ bụ mmebi kpatara - bụ ihe ize ndụ bụ isi. Nchekwa ọgbara ọhụrụ gụnyere ndị na-ekesa seramiiki, electrolytes na-egbochi ire ọkụ, yana sistemu njikwa batrị dị iche iche na-enyocha cell 100x/sekọnd ọ bụla.

Mgbapụ okpomọkụ na-amalite mgbe okpomọkụ gafere 150 Celsius, na-ebute mmeghachi omume ire ere:

1. ndakpọ oyi oyi akwa SEI (80-120°C)
2. Mmeghachi omume electrolyte na anode (120-150ºC)
3. Cathode ire ere na-ahapụ oxygen (180-250ºC)
4. Ọkụ eletrik (200ºC+)

Ndị nrụpụta na-arụ ọrụ nchekwa ise:

• Mgbochi imewe: Dendrite-suppressing additives na electrolytes
• Sistemụ njide”: Ọwa jụrụ oyi n'etiti cell na firewalls
• nlekota: voltaji/okpomọkụ sensọ na ọ bụla cell
• Njikwa ngwanrọ”: ikewapụ mkpụrụ ndụ mebiri emebi n'ime milliseconds
• Nchedo ihe owuwu”: oghere batrị na-ebu ihe ọghọm

Iron phosphate (LFP) kemịlụ na-eguzogide 300°C tupu ire ere karịa 150°C maka NMC. Batrị sodium-ion ọhụrụ na-ewepụ ihe egwu ọkụ kpamkpam mana na-enye njupụta dị ala. Jiri chaja agbaziri agbaziri mgbe niile - 78% ọdịda gụnyere akụrụngwa azụmaahịa.

Mmechi

Teknụzụ lithium-ion na-edozi njupụta ike, ọnụ ahịa na nchekwa - mana ọ na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe. Batrị steeti siri ike nke echi nwere ike dozie oke nke taa ma na-enye ike ọdịnihu anyị ga-adigide.