Ta yaya Batir Lithium-ion Suke Ƙarfafa Duniyar Mu?

Ina sha'awar waɗannan gidajen wutar lantarki a cikin na'urorin mu. Me ya sa su zama masu neman sauyi? Bari in raba abin da na gano.

Batirin lithium-ion yana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar motsin lithium-ion tsakanin anode da cathode yayin zagayowar caji/fitarwa. Ƙarfin ƙarfinsu da ƙarfin caji ya sa su dace don na'urorin lantarki masu ɗaukar nauyi da motocin lantarki, sabanin madadin da za a iya zubarwa.

Amma akwai ƙarin ƙasa. Fahimtar injiniyoyinsu yana bayyana dalilin da yasa suke mamaye fasahar zamani - da waɗanne iyakoki dole ne mu magance.

Ta yaya batir lithium-ion ke aiki a zahiri?

Na kasance ina mamakin sihirin da ke cikin batirin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. Gaskiyar ta fi ban sha'awa fiye da sihiri.

Lithium ions shuttle daga cathode zuwa anode yayin caji ta hanyar lantarki, adana makamashi. A lokacin fitarwa, ions suna komawa zuwa cathode, suna sakin electrons ta hanyar waje. Wannan amsawar electrochemical mai jujjuyawa yana ba da damar sake amfani da shi.

A matakin kwayoyin, cathode (yawanci lithium karfe oxide) yana sakin ions lithium lokacin caji ya fara. Wadannan ions suna tafiya ta cikin ruwan lantarki da kuma shigar da su cikin sassan graphite na anode a cikin tsarin da ake kira intercalation. A lokaci guda, electrons suna gudana ta cajar ku zuwa cikin anode.

Lokacin fitarwa, tsarin yana juyawa: Lithium ions suna fita daga anode, ratsa membrane mai raba, kuma sake shigar da tsarin cathode. Waɗanda aka saki electrons suna kunna na'urarka ta hanyar kewayawa. Mahimman sabbin abubuwa sun haɗa da:

• Ƙaddamar da Electrolyte: Sabbin abubuwan da ake ƙarawa suna rage samuwar dendrite wanda ke haifar da gajeriyar kewayawa
• Ƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira: Sauya ruwa electrolytes tare da yumbu / polymer conductors don hana yadudduka
• Ci gaban anode: Abubuwan haɗin siliki suna haɓaka ƙarfin ajiyar lithium ta 10x tare da graphite

Mai rarrabawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa na aminci - ƙananan pores ɗinsa suna ba da izinin wucewar ion yayin da yake toshe hulɗar jiki tsakanin na'urorin lantarki. Tsarin sarrafa baturi koyaushe yana lura da ƙarfin lantarki da zafin jiki don hana yin caji, wanda zai iya haifar da guduwar zafi.

Menene banbance nau'ikan batir lithium-ion?

Ba duk batirin lithium ba ne aka halicce su daidai. Na koyi wannan lokacin da nake kwatanta samfuran EV a bara.

Maɓalli masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da sinadarai na cathode (LCO, NMC, LFP), ƙimar ƙarfin kuzari, rayuwar zagayowar, da kwanciyar hankali na thermal. Batirin LFP yana ba da tsawon rayuwa da aminci mafi girma, yayin da NMC ke ba da mafi girman ƙarfin kuzari don tsayi mai tsayi.

Abun da ke ciki na Cathode yana bayyana halayen aiki:

• LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide): Babban ƙarfin kuzari amma gajeriyar rayuwa (zagaye 500-800). Ana amfani dashi a cikin wayoyin hannu
• NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt): Daidaitaccen makamashi / ƙarfin ƙarfin (1,500-2,000 hawan keke). Ya mamaye EVs kamar Tesla
• LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate): Nagartaccen kwanciyar hankali na zafi (zagaye 3,000+). BYD da Tesla Standard Range suka karɓa
• NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum): Matsakaicin yawan makamashi amma ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali. Aikace-aikace na musamman

Sabbin sababbin abubuwa na Anode sun ƙara bambanta iri:

• Graphite: Daidaitaccen abu tare da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau
• Silicon-composite: 25% mafi girma iya aiki amma fadada batutuwa
• Lithium-titanate: Yin caji mai sauri (minti 10) amma ƙarancin ƙarfin kuzari

Ƙirƙirar Electrolyte yana tasiri aikin zafin jiki. Sabbin electrolytes masu fluorinated suna aiki a -40°C, yayin da abubuwan da ake ƙara yumbu suna ba da damar yin caji cikin sauri. Farashin ya bambanta sosai - Kwayoyin LFP sun fi 30% rahusa fiye da NMC amma sun fi nauyi.

Me yasa batura lithium-ion suka mamaye motocin lantarki?

Lokacin gwajin tuƙi EVs, na gane baturansu ba kawai abubuwan haɗin gwiwa ba ne - su ne tushe.

Lithium-ion ya mamaye EVs saboda ƙarancin kuzari-da-nauyi (200+ Wh/kg), ƙarfin caji mai sauri, da raguwar farashi (raguwar 89% tun daga 2010). Suna samar da kewayon mil 300+ wanda ba zai yiwu ba tare da madadin acid-acid ko nickel-metal hydride madadin.

Fa'idodin fasaha guda uku sun tabbatar da rinjayensu:

1. Mafi girman ƙarfin kuzari: Man fetur ya ƙunshi 12,000 Wh/kg, amma injunan ICE suna da inganci 30% kawai. Batura na NMC na zamani suna isar da 4-5x ƙarin makamashi mai amfani a kowace kg fiye da madadin tushen nickel, yana ba da damar iya aiki.
2. Canjin caji: Lithium-ion yana karɓar 350kW+ saurin caji (ƙara mil 200 a cikin mintuna 15) saboda ƙarancin juriya na ciki. Kwayoyin man fetur na hydrogen suna buƙatar ƙarin mai 3x don daidaitaccen kewayon.
3. Haɗin gwiwar sabunta birki: Lithium chemistry musamman ya sake kama kashi 90% na makamashin birki da kashi 45 na gubar-acid. Wannan yana ƙara kewayo da kashi 15-20% a cikin tuƙin birni.

Kirkirar sabbin abubuwa kamar fasahar tantanin halitta ta CATL tana kawar da abubuwan da suka dace, ƙara yawan fakiti zuwa 200Wh/kg yayin rage farashi zuwa $97/kWh (2023). Samfuran jihohi masu ƙarfi sun yi alkawarin 500Wh/kg nan da 2030.

Menene mahimmancin matsalolin amincin baturin lithium-ion?

Ganin gobarar baturin EV akan labarai ya sa na bincika haƙiƙanin hatsari da ƙaranci.

Guduwar zafi - zafi mai zafi wanda ba a sarrafa shi ta hanyar gajeriyar kewayawa ko lalacewa - shine babban haɗari. Kayayyakin zamani sun haɗa da masu raba yumbu mai rufi, masu hana wuta, da tsarin sarrafa baturi mai yawa Layer saka idanu akan kowane tantanin halitta 100x/second.

Guduwar thermal yana farawa lokacin da yanayin zafi ya wuce 150 ° C, yana haifar da halayen bazuwar:

1. Rushewar Layer SEI (80-120 ° C)
2. Electrolyte dauki tare da anode (120-150 ° C)
3. Bazuwar Cathode yana sakin oxygen (180-250 ° C)
4. Konewar wutar lantarki (200°C+)

Masu kera suna aiwatar da matakan kariya guda biyar:

• Ƙirar rigakafin: Dendrite-suppressing additives a cikin electrolytes
• Tsarukan ƙunshe”: Tashoshi masu sanyaya tsakanin sel da bangon wuta
• Kulawa: Na'urori masu auna wutar lantarki/zazzabi akan kowane tantanin halitta
• Gudanar da software”: Keɓance ƙwayoyin da suka lalace a cikin millise seconds
• Kariyar tsari": Cajin baturi mai haɗari

Iron phosphate (LFP) sunadarai yana jure 300°C kafin bazuwar da 150°C don NMC. Sabbin batirin sodium-ion suna kawar da haɗarin wuta gaba ɗaya amma suna ba da ƙarancin yawa. Yi amfani da caja ƙwararrun masana'anta koyaushe - 78% na gazawar sun haɗa da kayan aikin bayan kasuwa.

Kammalawa

Fasahar lithium-ion tana daidaita yawan kuzari, farashi da aminci - amma yana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Batura masu ƙarfi na gobe na iya magance iyakokin yau yayin da suke ƙarfafa makomarmu mai dorewa.